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diff --git a/doc/report/report.tex b/doc/report/report.tex index 9f39866..400242f 100644 --- a/doc/report/report.tex +++ b/doc/report/report.tex @@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ \usepackage{biblatex} \usepackage{hyperref} \usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{subfigure} \addbibresource{../references.bib} @@ -13,12 +14,14 @@ \author{ \IEEEauthorblockN{Sam Anthony} \IEEEauthorblockA{Concordia University\\ + Montréal Québec, Canada\\ Student ID: 40271987\\ Email: sam@samanthony.xyz} \and \IEEEauthorblockN{Supervised by Hovhannes Harutyunyan, PhD} \IEEEauthorblockA{Concordia University\\ Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering\\ + Montréal Québec, Canada\\ Email: haruty@encs.concordia.ca} } @@ -42,37 +45,63 @@ The actuators include fuel injectors and spark plugs. The sensors measure crankshaft angle, intake manifold pressure, coolant temperature, and so on. The ECU features a microcontroller that uses feedback from these sensor data to operate the actuators, thus allowing the engine to run. -Sensor data are sent not only to the ECU, but also to a display system mounted in the cabin so that the driver may monitor the engine's health. -The display system is typically a set of gauges showing, for instance, engine speed, oil pressure, oil and coolant temperature, among other things. +Sensor data are used not only by the ECU, but also by a display system mounted in the cabin that allows the driver to monitor the engine's health. +The display system is typically a set of gauges showing, for instance, engine speed, oil pressure, and coolant temperature, among other things. -The sensor data are transported about the car via a computer network; CAN (controller area network) \cite{can20b} is ubiquitous. -Introduced by Bosch in the early 1990s and standardized by ISO 11898 \cite{CanHistory}, all cars sold in the United States are required to be equiped with a CAN bus \cite{CFR40.86.1806-05}. - -The display system in the cabin must convey sensor data to the driver. +The display system must visually encode sensor data and convey them to the driver. Each datum represents the instantaneous value of a continuous quantity---speed, temperature, pressure, etc. -These data are visually encoded by the display system and shown to the driver. -The data are most effectively represented by graduated radial analog scales with the instantaneous value marked on said scale \cite{Panchal2025}. +The data are most effectively represented by a graduated radial analog scale with the instantaneous value marked on said scale \cite{Panchal2025}. The graduated scale takes advantage of vernier acuity: our ability to discern slight misalignment between line segments \cite{Strasburger2018}, while the radial marker leverages the hypercolumnar acuity of vision: our ability to detect minute changes in angle of line segments \cite{Hubel1962}. -Put simply, an analog needle gauge is the best way to display information to the driver. -It is the reason why even modern digital display systems are often skeuomorphs of analog gauges \cite{LifeRacingDisplays}, as seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:Boeing}. +Simply put, an analog needle gauge is the best way to display information to the driver. +It is the reason why even modern digital display systems are often skeuomorphs of analog gauges, as seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:Stack}. \begin{figure} \centering - \includegraphics[width=2.5in]{boeing} - \caption{Boeing 737 digital instrument panel. - \emph{Although fitted to an aeroplane as opposed to a car, this display serves as an example of quality design. - Automotive engineering is the poor man's aeronautics---much can be gleaned from the higher arts.}} - \label{fig:Boeing} + \subfigure[]{\includegraphics[height=1.25in]{stack400} \label{subfig:Stack400}} + \subfigure[]{\includegraphics[height=1.25in]{stack9918} \label{subfig:Stack9918}} + \caption{\subref{subfig:Stack400} Analog needle gauge \cite{Stack400} and; \subref{subfig:Stack9918} skeuomorphic digital display emulating analog gauges \cite{Stack9918}.} + \label{fig:Stack} \end{figure} +As engine performance increases, the operating window where it will run reliably shrinks, necessitating even tighter control. +This drives demand for even more sensor data, both for the ECU---to precisely regulate the running of the engine---and for the driver, to monitor the engine's health and to ensure that it stays within its safe operating window. + +This is especially true in racing, where the engine must be fine-tuned to its limits while remaining reliable for the duration of its life. +Race teams often fit additional sensors and gauges to the car in order to monitor the health of the engine (Fig.~\ref{fig:R31}). + \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=2.5in]{r31} - \caption{Analog gauges fitted to 1987 Nissan Skyline GTS-R Group A \cite{r31}.} + \caption{Analog gauges fitted to 1987 Nissan Skyline GTS-R Group A race car \cite{r31}.} \label{fig:R31} \end{figure} +All these sensor data must somehow be transmitted throughout the car; a computer network handles this task well. +CAN (controller area network) \cite{can20b} is ubiquitous: introduced by Bosch in the early 1990s and standardized by ISO 11898 \cite{CanHistory}, all cars sold in the United States are required to be equiped with a CAN bus \cite{CFR40.86.1806-05}. + +Most modern digital display systems, such as the one shown in Fig.~\ref{subfig:Stack9918}, come with a CAN interface, allowing them to display a practically unlimited array of information from whatever sensors may be equiped to the car. +On the other hand, analog gauges have largely been abandoned by manufacturers, as digital panels can display myriad information at a fraction of the cost of an equivalent set of analog gauges. +However, some, including myself, prefer a genuine analog gauge as opposed to a facsimile displayed on a screen. +The trouble is, most analog gauges lack a CAN interface, with only a few companies making CAN-enabled analog gauges, mostly for industrial applications \cite{Vdo}. + +Those who wish to install an analog gauge typically do so by installing a sensor on the engine and running a wire directly to the gauge's analog input---this is the setup recommended by most gauge manufacturers \cite{Stack3307Manual}. +While this does work, it is less than ideal for several reasons. + +Firstly, running a wire through the engine bay leaves the signal vulnerable to EMI (electromagnetic interference) as it travels near noisy components like the ignition coils. +This can cause signal integrity issues that could have been avoided by transporting the signal via the CAN bus already present in the car. +CAN uses a CRC (cyclic redundancy check) to provide data integrity. + +Secondly, the EMS already features a host of sensors, and installing another for the gauge often leads to duplication. +While this may appear to provide redundancy, it in fact does not. +On the contrary, it reduces reliability and increases complexity by introducing additional failure points into the system. +A properly engineered solution would integrate the gauge into the EMS, allowing them to share sensor data, thus reducing the complexity of the system. + +This brings us finally to the subject of this paper: a device that allows analog gauges to be retofitted into a car while leveraging the capabilities of the CAN bus already present in the vehicle. + +TODO: outline. + +\section{Project Overview} TODO diff --git a/doc/report/stack400.jpg b/doc/report/stack400.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a47ef9b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/report/stack400.jpg diff --git a/doc/report/stack9918.jpg b/doc/report/stack9918.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..560c68a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/report/stack9918.jpg |
